It is grown primarily in the southwestern Chinese province of Guangxi (mostly in the mountains of Guilin), as well as in Guangdong, Guizhou, Hunan, and Jiangxi. These mountains lend the plants shadows and often are surrounded by mists; because of this the plants are protected from the sun. Nonetheless, the climate in this southern province is warm. The plant is rarely found in the wild and has hence been cultivated for hundreds of years.

Records as early as 1813 mention the cultivation of this plant in the Guangxi province. At present, the Guilin mountains harbor a plantation of 16 square kilometers with a yearly output of about 10,000 fruits. Most of the plantations are located in Yongfu County and Lingui County, which in China are renowned for the extraordinary number of centenarians. This is usually attributed to the consumption of this fruit and the unspoiled nature. The inhabitants themselves, however, are of the opinion that the reason lies in their calm lifestyle and simple nutrition.

Longjiang town (“Dragon River”) in Yongfu County has acquired the name “home of the Chinese luohanguo fruit”; a number of companies specialised in making luohanguo extracts and finished products have been set up in the area. The Yongfu Pharmaceutical Factory is the oldest of these.

Traditional uses

The plant is most prized for its sweet fruits, which are used for medicinal purposes, and as a sweetener. The fruits are generally sold in dried form, and traditionally used in herbal tea or soup. They are used for respiratory ailments, sore throats and reputed to aid longevity.

The best way to describe the medicinal use of luohan guo in southern China during the 20th century can be found in the book written by Dai and Liu. It was written in Chinese in 1982 and translated into English in 1986. Here is their description:

The dried fruit may be bought in a market. The surface of the fruit is round and smooth, it has a yellow-brownish or green-brownish colour, and is covered by fine hairs. The fruit has a hard but thin shell. Inside, one finds a partially dried, soft substance which contains the juice and a large quantity of seeds. All components are very sweet. Their nature is cool and not toxic. The fruit can act as a remedy for sun stroke, wet the lungs, remove phlegm, stop cough and aid defecation.

Heat stroke and thirst

Take a fruit, break it open and pour hot water on it to make an infusion. Drink the infusion in place of tea.

Acute or chronic infection of the larynx (aphonia)

Take the halves of a fruit and 3 to 5 sterculia seeds, cover this with water and leave it to boil. Swallow very slowly.

Chronic cough

Take a piece of the fruit, cover it with water and leave it to boil. Drink the resulting liquid twice daily.

Constipation due to old age

Take two fruits and, using only the soft parts and seeds, divide it into pieces. Cover these pieces with water, boil it, and drink the liquid before going to bed.

Diabetes

Take an appropriate amount of fruit squash or boil it so as to get concentrated juice. Use this as a substitute for sugar in your nutrition.

Active agents

The sweet taste of luohan guo comes mainly from the mogrosides, a group of Triterpene-Glycosides that make up approximately 1% of the flesh of the fresh fruit. Through extraction, a powder containing 80% mogrosides can be obtained.

Five different mogrosides are known and they are known by names with the numbers 1 to 5. The main mogroside in this plant is mogroside-5, that was previously known as esgoside.

Structural formula of mogroside 5

Other similar agents in luohan guo are Siamenoside and Neomogroside.

The pure mogroside mix present results in a sweetness that is 300 times sweeter than sugar. The 80% mix is approximately 250 times sweeter. Pure mogroside-5 and -5 can be up to 400 times as sweet.

Toxicity

There are no reported incidents of negative side effects of luohan guo that are known. It is classed by the American Food and Drug Administration as a GRAS (generally recognized as safe) product. There are no restrictions on consuming the fruit or its extracts.

Current research

Recent research on luohan guo suggests that the mogroside works as an antioxidant and that it helps to prevent cancer.

The use of luohan guo as a remedy for diabetes and overweight has been mentioned, as it can be used as a substitute for sugar.

Luohan guo has been shown to be useful against the Epstein-Barr virus.

The plant also contains a glycoprotein called momorgrosvin, which has been shown to inhibit ribosomal protein synthesis

Cultivation and marketing

Traditional processing

Dried Siraitia grosvenorii fruit, cut open

Luohan guo is harvested in the form of a round green fruit, which becomes brown on drying. It is rarely used in its fresh form, as it is hard to store. Furthermore, it develops a rotten taste on fermentation, which adds to the unwanted flavours already present.

Thus the fruits are usually dried before further use and are sold in precisely this fashion in Chinese herbal shops. The fruits are slowly dried in ovens, which preserves it and removes most of the unwanted aromas. However, this technique also leads to the formation of several bitter and astringent aromas. This limits the use of the dried fruits and extracts to the preparation of diluted tea, soup, and as a sweetener for products that would usually have sugar or honey added to them.

The Procter & Gamble process

The process for the manufacture of a useful sweetener from luohan guo was patented in 1995 by Procter & Gamble. The patent states that, while luohan guo is very sweet, it has too many interfering aromas, which render it useless for general application. Thus the company developed a process for the removal of the interfering aromas.

In this process, the fresh fruit is harvested before it is fully mature, and is then matured in storage so that it may be processed precisely when it is mature. The shell and seeds are then removed, and the pulped fruit is made into a fruit concentrate or puree. This is then used in the further production of food. Solvents are used, amongst other things, to remove the interfering aromas.

Products

There are a number of commercially prepared luohan guo products:

One of the most famous ones is powdered instant luohan guo, which is also sold by the Yongfu company. It is sold in China, Hong Kong and in Chinese shops in the West.

In addition, there are a number of other products which contain luohan guo either on its own or in a mix with other herbs. For example it is used with Ginkgo biloba against cough, with chrysanthemum against heatstroke and headache or with asparagus, Oldenlandia, Scutellaria, and pearl powder to detoxify.

Recently, IZZE, a sparkling juice beverage company debuted their IZZEesque line of low-calorie sparkling juices containing less than half the calories of the regular IZZE. Rather than these using artificial sweeteners, luo han guo juice is used.

Celestial Seasonings has a winter holiday tea called Gingerbread Spice that lists it as the last ingredient.

History

During the Tang dynasty, Guilin was one of the most important Buddhist retreats containing many temples. The fruit was named after the arhats (Chinese: ; pinyin: luhn), a group of Buddhist monks who, due to their proper way of life and meditation, achieved enlightenment and were said to have been redeemed. According to Chinese history, the fruit was first mentioned in the records of the 13th century monks who used it.

However, plantation space was limited: it existed mainly in the slopes of the Guangxi and Guangdong mountains, and to a lesser degree in Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Hainan. This and the difficulty of cultivation meant that the fruit did not become part of the Chinese herbal tradition, which depended on more readily available products. This is also the reason why one finds no mention of it in the traditional guides to herbs.

Western rediscovery in the 20th century

The herb became better known to the West in the 20th century. The first report on the herb in English was found in an unpublished manuscript written in 1938 by Professor G. W. Groff and Hoh Hin Cheung. The report stated that the fruits were often used as the main ingredients of “cooling drinks,” that is, as remedies for hot weather, fever, or other dysfunctions traditionally associated with warmth or heat.

It was known that the juice of the fruits was very sweet.

Groff and Hoh realised that the fruit was an important Chinese domestic remedy for the treatment of cold and pneumonia when consumed with pork.

Interviews have confirmed that the fruit only recently gained importance in Chinese history. Nonetheless, it appears that a small group of people had mastered its cultivation a long time ago and had accumulated extensive knowledge on growth, pollination, and climatic requirements of the plant.

The fruit came to the United States in the early 20th century. Groff mentions that during a visit to the American ministry of agriculture in 1917, the botanic Frederick Coville showed him a luohanguo fruit bought in a Chinese shop in Washington. Seeds of the fruit which had been bought in Chinese shop in San Francisco were entered into the universal botanic description of the species in 1941.

The first research into the sweet component of luohan guo is attributed to C. H. Lee, who wrote an English report on it in 1975, and also to Tsunematsu Takemoto, who worked on it the early 1980s in Japan (later Takemoto decided to concentrate on the similar sweet plant, jiaogulan).

The development of luohan guo products in China has continued ever since, focusing in particular on the development of concentrated extracts.

References

Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent German-language Wikipedia article (retrieved February 16, 2006).

^ a b Ling Yeouruenn, A New Compendium of Materia Medica, 1995 Science Press, Beijing.

^ Dragon River Health Products, http://www.dragonriver.net/eng/home.html

^ Kinghorn AD and Soejarto DD, Discovery of terpenoid and phenolic sweeteners from plants, Pure Applied Chemistry 2002; 74(7): 1169-1179.

^ Dai Yinfang and Liu Chengjun, Fruit as Medicine, 1986 The Ram’s Skull Press, Kuranda, Australia.

^ Fruit as a medicine

^ a b Fruits As Medicine: A Safe and Cheap Form of Traditional Chinese Food Therapy by Dai Yin-Fang, Liu Cheng-Jun, translated by Ron Edwards, and Gong Zhi-Mei 1986

^ a b http://www.itmonline.org/arts/luohanguo.htm Subhuti Dharmananda, Ph.D., Director, Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon Luo Han Guo -Sweet Fruit Used as Sugar Substitute and Medicinal Herb

^ http://www.itmonline.org/arts/luohanguo.htm Subhuti Dharmananda, Ph.D., Director, Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon

^ Shi H, et al., Antioxidant property of fructus momordicae extract, 1996 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International 1996; 40 (6): 1111-1121.

^ Konoshima T and Takasaki M, Cancer-chemopreventive effects of natural sweeteners and related compounds, Pure Applied Chemistry 2002; 74(7): 1309-1316.

^ Katiyar SK and Mukhtar H, Tea antioxidants in cancer chemoprevention, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, Supplement 1997; 27: 59-67.

^ http://www.itmonline.org/arts/luohanguo.htm Subhuti Dharmananda, Ph.D., Director, Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon Luo Han Guo Sweet Fruit Used as Sugar Substitute and Medicinal Herb

^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17477572 Akihisa T, Hayakawa Y, Tokuda H, Banno N, Shimizu N, Suzuki T, Kimura Y. Cucurbitane Glycosides from the Fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii and Their Inhibitory Effects on Epstein-Barr Virus Activation. J Nat Prod. 2007 May 25;70(5):783-788. Epub 2007

^ Tsang, K.Y. and T.B. Ng (2001). “Isolation and characterization of a new ribosome inactivating protein, momorgrosvin, from seeds of the monk’s fruit Momordica grosvenorii”. Life Sciences 68: 773784. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00980-2. 

^ Hsu HY, et al., Oriental Materia Medica, 1986 Oriental Healing Arts Institute, Long Beach, California

External links

Look up Siraitia grosvenorii in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Cucurbit Network (enter ‘Siraitia’ in search box)

Luo Han Guo Information

Luo Han Guo in Powder and Syrup Forms

Categories: Cucurbitaceae | Chinese ingredients | Vietnamese cuisine | Dietary supplements | Fruit | Herbs | Native crops of China | Medicinal plants | Plants used in Traditional Chinese medicine | SweetenersHidden categories: Articles containing simplified Chinese language text | Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing Chinese language text
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Okay, now before you start jumping up and down with excitement, you need to understand that a top paying freelance web designer job will go to someone who has quality design skills. If you’ve only tinkered around a little with web design, then you need to take advantage of all of the free website designing tutorials online.

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Here are some fast ways to make money from home:

Babysitting

Watching small children isn’t just for teens who want to make money to buy extras. Adults can also be good babysitters when parents need assistance. And, there are always parents who need someone to watch their kids.

Now, to make yourself stand out, you could advertise your babysitting services to parents who need an emergency sitter. Sometimes things come up and parents can’t be there on time to pick up their child from daycare or school, or they need to run out of the house for a few hours and can’t easily find someone to watch the kids.

If you make yourself available to help out during these times, then you can probably charge a little more than the average sitter.

Cleaning Homes

There are many people who absolutely hate cleaning their apartment or home. They would do anything to avoid this annoying chore. This is where someone like you could step in and be their hero by offering to do the dirty task for them.

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You can even specialize in “green cleaning” where you only use environmentally friendly cleaning products. This will help you to stand out from your competition.

Errand Runner

If you have your own transportation and enough free time during the weekday, running errands

for people can be a nice way to make extra cash. Many seniors, and disabled people, are not able to get out and take care of simple chores like grocery shopping, going to the post office and other things.

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Private Tutor

Are you good at English grammar, spelling, reading and math?

If so, then you can advertise yourself as a private tutor for young people who need extra help in understanding their lessons. There are also many adults who need to learn how to read and write better, or need help with adult college courses.

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All of the above can be fulfilled if you become an internet marketer. This is a lucrative career if you follow the right path and avoid all the mistakes that newbie internet marketers make.

Here are three rules you need to take note of to achieve your goals smoothly and successfully:

1. Pick the right system or strategy:

There are many systems and strategies to make money online. You will need to pick the right one for you. The other choice you need to make is to select a mentor who can guide you through and navigate your way to earn money on line.

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2. Focus on one method till you succeed.

One major mistake beginners tend to make is to switch from one method to another. They are impatient and cannot wait for the results for one method to take shape. This is not the right approach.

The key here is to be patient.  Stick to one approach or program till you see some results.

3. Keep things simple.

Many new internet marketers tend to do too much research into the countless programs and systems available online, so much so that they get information overload and do not know where to begin. They get so confused and in the end, never took any action to start their online business.

The right way of doing this is to pick one good quality program or system, stick to it until you see results and money flowing in. By doing this, you will be guaranteed to make it as a successful internet marketer.

So in summary, building an affiliate marketing business online takes patience and time. Follow the three rules as outlined above, persevere and you will see the fruits of your labour for many years to come.

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1) Extra Money – No one can deny that extra money, truly extra money, does make the world a nicer place. We all have bills and monthly expenditures that take up a good portion of what we make. The ability to make money from an at home side business, opens up opportunities for the things that we want, but are not a good fit for the normal budget.

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Let us face it. Life was meant to be enjoyed. The benefits of an at home side businesses can greatly increase your options and boost our ability to enjoy it the way it should be. There are many ways to make money on line and we would love to show you how to do it right.

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Mary Kay Ash founded her company, Beauty by Mary Kay, in 1963 after a long career in the direct selling industry.  She established her company with the goal of making life more beautiful for women. 

Over the years, Mary Kay has seen tremendous growth in both products and business opportunity to provide financial freedom that many women have grasped, and taken advantage of in the past.  Mary Kay has been featured in 100 Best Companies To Work For in America, and Fortune Magazine, among many others, proving their legitimacy as a company and opportunity.

If you were to join Mary Kay, your cost to do so will be $100, plus shipping and taxes, to get you off the ground.  This will provide you with the basic education, and enough products and samples to host a party of 30.

You will be compensated based upon your personal production and sales of Mary Kay products.  A benefit of Mary Kay is that they offer a very generous commission schedule.  You will receive 50% of the suggested retail price for every product that you sell. 

Mary Kay is a very legitimate company, and there is an opportunity to create a substantial income source if you are hard working, outgoing, and personable. 

Now, this is the part of the review where you decide if Mary Kay is right for you. Mary Kay encourages, and trains you to utilize the old fashioned methods of pursuing your family and friends to purchase your products, and join your business opportunity.  You will be hosting many product shows and parties.  This is not going to be as easy as they portray.  The one factor in this industry that I want to make you aware of is this.  Only 3% of those who engage in these efforts actually achieve success in the multi-level marketing industry as a whole.  However, if you believe that you have everything that it takes to build a rewarding business using these practices, then Mary Kay is a solid company to pursue.

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Being a parent: Mothers feel that they do not want to leave their children for many hours especially if they are taking care of a newborn. You do not have to overlook the income need. You can set up an office from your house and start working instantly. The availability of the Internet has made it a smooth sail to many people.
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The first modern acoustic bass guitar was developed in the mid-1950s by Kay of Chicago[citation needed] but the design did not show up again in a production instrument until the early 1960s when Ernie Ball of San Luis Obispo, California began producing a model . Ball’s aim was to provide bass guitarists with a more acoustic-sounding instrument that would match better with the sound of acoustic guitars. Ball stated that “…if there were electric bass guitars to go with electric guitars then you ought to have acoustic basses to go with acoustic guitars.” Ball notes that “…the closest thing to an acoustic bass was the Mexican guitarron…in mariachi bands, so I bought one down in Tijuana and tinkered with it.”

Ball collaborated with George Fullerton, a former employee at Fender, to develop the Earthwood acoustic bass guitar, which was introduced in 1972. Production of this instrument ceased in 1974, resuming a few years later under the direction of Ernie Ball’s employee Dan Norton, who still works for Ernie Ball Inc., until production finally ended again in 1985. The Earthwood acoustic bass guitar was quite large (and deep) in contrast to most instruments in current production, which gave it more volume, especially in the low register.photo 1photo 2photo 3 The Ernie Ball company describes Ball’s design as “an idea before its time”; the instrument was little-used in acoustic musical performances until the late 1980s, when the acoustic basses were used in performances on the MTV Unplugged television program.

Construction and tuning

Unlike the electric bass guitar, which is generally a solid body instrument, the acoustic bass guitar usually has a hollow wooden body similar to (though usually somewhat larger than) that of the steel-string acoustic guitar. The majority of acoustic basses are fretted, but a significant number are fretless instead. Semi-fretted versions also exist, although they are quite rare.

Like the traditional electric bass and the double bass, the acoustic bass guitar commonly has four strings, which are normally tuned E-A-D-G, an octave below the lowest four strings of the 6-string guitar. Like the electric bass guitar, models with five or more strings have been produced, although these are less common. In part, this is because the body of an acoustic bass guitar is too small to produce a resonance of acceptable volume at lower pitches on the low “B” string. One solution uses the five string acoustic bass to add an additional high string (“E-A-D-G-C”) instead of adding a low “B”. Another solution is to rely on amplification to reproduce the low “B” string’s notes.

Because it can be difficult to hear an acoustic bass guitar without an amplifier, even in settings with other acoustic instruments, most acoustic basses have pickups, either magnetic or piezoelectric or both, so that they can be amplified with an instrument amplifier or a public address system.

There are also semi-acoustic models fitted with pickups that are intended to be used with an amplifier. The soundbox of these instruments is not large enough to amplify the sound; instead, it is designed to produce a distinctive tone when amplified, similarly to semi-acoustic electric guitars. Thin-body semi-acoustic basses such as the violin-shaped Hfner made famous by the early Beatles and several Fender models are not normally regarded as acoustic basses at all, but rather as hollow-bodied bass guitars. There are also semi-acoustic basses such as Godin Guitars’ “A-Series” that, once amplified, sound much closer between acoustic bass guitars and Upright Basses, and have been used in professional circles to “simulate” one when it would be impractical for transportation and other reasons to use a full-sized Upright bass. As with semi-acoustic electric guitars, the line between acoustic instruments fitted with pickups and electric instruments with tone-enhancing bodies is sometimes hard to draw, especially when some instruments can also be equipped with a variety of pickups such as piezo pickups, the “standard” of acoustic-electric instruments as well as synth pickups which can replay “virtual” Upright bass sounds and bring a semi-acoustic bass much closer to a Double Bass sonically.

Saga Musical Instruments produces a four-string bass resonator guitar under their Regal brand name.videos National Reso-Phonic Guitars also produce three models of resonator bass guitar.

Manufacturers

Other manufacturers of acoustic bass guitars (not mentioned above) include Alvarez, Ibanez, Applause, Breedlove, Cort, Crafter, Jerzey, Dean, Eko, Epiphone, Eston, Furch, Gibson, Guild, Washburn, Maton, Ovation, Michael Kelly, Prestige, Ribbecke Halfling Bass, Sunlite, Takamine, Tacoma, Tanglewood, Taylor, Larrive, Warwick, Fender and Martin.

Mexican bass guitars

Mexican guitarrn acoustic bass guitar

Traditional music of Mexico features several varieties of acoustic bass guitars. The baja sexto, with six pairs of strings, resembles a twelve-string guitar tuned an octave lower. The heavy gauge strings generate a large string tension, yet the guitar is built relatively lightly. The baja sexto began to be used in Texas in the 1920s with the rise of “Tex-Mex” music, where it continues to be used to play the parts which would be played by the piano in traditional American popular music. A Mexican variation of the baja sexto is called bajo sexto and matches the standard tuning of a 12-string guitar, one octave lower. The tuning of these instruments is (capital letters are an octave lower than small letters):

BAJA SEXTO – Ee Aa Dd Gg Cc Ff

BAJO SEXTO – Ee Aa Dd Gg Bb ee[citation needed]

The guitarrn or chitarrone is a very large, deep-bodied Mexican 6-string acoustic bass guitar played in Mariachi bands. Other Latin American acoustic bass guitars exist as well, see: Bordonua Also, since the classical contrabass guitar shares the same range as an ABG, it is a type of acoustic bass guitar, found in Mexico

References

^ a b History of Ernie Ball Strings and Music Man Guitars – Ernie Ball

External links

Guitar portal

Acoustic bass guitars

The Tinozza Acoustic Bass Guitar Description and downloadable plans for a flattop ABG

The Uccello Grasso Acoustic Bass Guitar Description and downloadable plans for an archtop ABG

The Bassola Acoustic Bass Guitar Description and summary assembly instructions for a large archtop ABG

Discover a Hobby: Online guide to learn Bass Guitar

5 string ABG tuned B-E-A-D-G

Ribbecke Guitar Co. – http://www.ribbeckehalfling.com

Play Bass

Categories: Guitars | String instruments | Bass guitars | Bass (sound)Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008
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